Case Studies / Developing Countries / Guide / Performance indicators

The problem categories
This table collates the information on the basis of the different categories of problem identified, and brings together the different ways in which the problem has been addressed in different countries.

Table 3 The problem categories

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Long journey time	Accra		Road congestion Small PT vehicles Short routes due to controlled flat fares	Service contracts Busways
	Addis Ababa		Excess walking time due to self-regulated dispatching by fragmented sector	Service contracts
	Bangkok		Congestion Route design	Busways Regulatory reform
	Bogota
	Hanoi		High relative speed of motor cycles	General restraint strategy Busways	Busways planned
	Recife
	Santiago		Route design	New regulatory regime	Concessioning of trunk and feeder system

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Bad operator behavior	Bangkok		Fragmentation of sub-contract service Poor regulation	Competitive tender of franchises
	Santiago		Fragmentation. Overlapping routes Poor enforcement	Larger size operators	Concessioning of trunk and feeder system
	Sri Lanka		Fragmentation	Tendering of franchises	Combined timetables

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Bad dispatching arrangements	Accra		Self-regulation by fragmented sector	Service contracts Busway system
	Addis Ababa		Self-regulation by fragmented sector		Increase freedom for self regulation
	Dakar	G. 11	Self-regulation by fragmented sector
	Sri Lanka		Self-regulation by fragmented sector	Service contracts	Combined timetables

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Loss of social services	Bangkok		Low fare control BMTA inefficiency	Sub-contracting	BMTA to cease operation Competitive tender of franchises
	Dakar		Low fares Decline of SOEs	Tendering of franchises
	Sri Lanka		Poor targeting of subsidies through SOEs	Tendering of franchises	Some tendering of school services

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
High budget cost	Addis Ababa		Low fares of SOE	Tendering of franchises	Subsidy of SOE reduced
	Bangkok		BMTA inefficiency High leasing costs Strong BMTA union	Sub-contracting Bus leasing Contract out maintenance	Creation of BRTA Privatization of operations Competitive tender of franchises
	Dakar
	Hanoi		Low fares and rapid expansion of SOE activity	Fares review Competitive tendering	Pilot tendering
	Sri Lanka		Inefficient public sector operators	Commercialization Phased program of tendered franchises

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Poor vehicle utilization	Sri Lanka		Excess permissions Tour-de-role despatching	Service contracts	Moratorium on new permissions

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Safety	Accra		Fragmentation On-the-road competition	Move to tendering of franchises	Safety Council established
	Dakar		On-road competition of minibuses
	Sri Lanka		Fragmentation On-the-road competition	Phased program of tendered franchises

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Low service quality	Accra		Low profitability under controlled fares without subsidy	Service contracts	Creation of SOE MMT
	Addis Ababa		Low profitability under controlled fares without subsidy	Service contracts proposed
	Bangkok		Regulatory chaos	Creation of multi-modal authority Competitive tender of franchises	Legalization of commuter vans
	Bogota		Excess and fragmented supply.	Extend busway system	Introduction of BRT; franchise of operators

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Excessively short routes	Accra		Tight flat fare control of private operators	Service contracts
Excessively short routes	Addis Ababa		Tight flat fare control of minibus operators	Service contracts

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Corruption	Bangkok		Police harassment of vans Inspection regime Lease / maintenance contracting	Competitive tender of franchises	Legalization of commuter vans
Corruption	Dakar		Police exploitation of the absence of a proper license administration	Creation of CETUD	Service contracting

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Poor spatial integration	Recife	G 31	Jurisdictional fragmentation	Creation of multi- modal authority	Consortium being formed

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Poor modal integration	Bangkok		Separation of regulatory responsibility	Creation of multimodal authority BRTA	BTS right to provide feeders
	Bogota		Conflict between BRT and non-BRT	Regulatory integration
	Recife		Institutional separation	Creation of multi- modal authority	Consortium being formed
	Santiago		Lack of integrated system	Integration in Transantiago system	Automated ticketing

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Declining demand	Bogota
Declining demand	Recife		Loss of market to combis	Competitive tendering of services	Ban on combis in inner areas Compensation

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Air pollution	Bangkok	M 56	Poor vehicle maintenance	Annual vehicle inspection	Reform inspection procedures Competitive tender of franchises
	Bogota		Excessive number of buses, fragmented structure. Poor fare regulation.	Scrapping of old vehicles	Consolidation of responsibility in independent commission
	Dakar		Age and poor condition of minibuses	Service contracting	Fund established to finance fleet replacement
	Santiago		Old and poorly maintained vehicles	Vehicle standards in franchises

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Capital financing	Hanoi		Finance for bus fleet expansion	Competitive tendering of frannchises	Pilot tendering of some routes
Capital financing	Recife		Inability to develop rail profit base	Integration of rail in metropolitan system	Consortia being formed

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Poor customer empowerment	Sri Lanka		Union control of SOE Fragmentation of operations	Service contracts	NTC complaints system

Problem issue	City	Ref	Problem source	Reforms required	Actions taken
Poor vehicle condition	Accra		Low profitability due to fare controls Poor enforcement	Devlopment of service contracts in BRT system
Poor vehicle condition	Addis Ababa		Low profitability due to fare controls Poor enforcement		New testing stations opened