Case Study : BANKOK

The city problems
This table collates the information on the basis of the different categories of problem identified, and brings together the different ways in which the problem has been addressed in different countries

Case	Problem issue	Ref	Problem source	Actions taken	Reforms proposed
Bangkok	Long journey times		Road congestion Indirect routings No regulatory review of routings Low ave. bus size	Bus lanes Legalization of commuter vans	Limit on route length Competitive tender of franchises Busway program
	High budget cost		BMTA inefficiency High leasing costs Strong BMTA union	Sub-contracting Bus leasing Contract out maintenance	Creation of BRTA Privatization of operations Competitive tender of franchises
	Loss of low fare basic service		Low fare control BMTA inefficiency	Sub-contracting	BMTA to cease operation Competitive tender of franchises
	Poor integration with metro		Separation of regulatory responsibility	BTS right to provide feeders	Creation of multimodal authority BRTA
	Poor service quality	M 56	Regulatory chaos	Legalization of commuter vans	Competitive tender of franchises
	Air pollution	M 56	Poor vehicle maintenance	Annual vehicle inspection	Reform inspection procedures Competitive tender of franchises
	Bad driving behavior	M57	Fragmentation of sub-contract service Poor regulation		Competitive tender of franchises
	Corruption		Police harassment of vans Inspection regime Lease / maintenance contracting	Legalization of commuter vans	Competitive tender of franchises

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The reforms proposed
This table categorizes the information in terms of the types of reform proposed, setting out the actions already taken and the degree of success achieved.

Reforms proposed	Problem issue addressed	Ref	Actions taken	Success achieved
*Create metropolitan authority*	Lack of modal integration			Not yet implemented

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The influence of industrial structure
This table examines the relationship between the industrial structure in the different cities and the types of problems arising.

Industrial structure

Case

Problem issue

Problem source

Reforms proposed

State owned enterprise

Bangkok

Low efficiency

Lack of financial discipline

Privatize
Competitve tendering of franchises

Medium scale formal private operators

Bangkok